What Is Convergence?

Convergence is the movement of the price of a futures contract toward the 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:spot price of the underlying cash commod♋ity as the delivery date approaches.

Understanding Convergence

Convergence simply means that, on the last day that a futures contract can be delivered to fulfill the terms of the contract, the price of the futures and the price of the underlying commodity will be equal. The two prices must conveဣrge. If not, there is an opportunity for arbitrage and risꦛk-free profit.

Convergence happens because the market will not allow the same commodity to trade at two different prices at the same place at the same time. For example, you rarely see two gasoline stations on the same block with two very different prices for🎐 gas at the pump. Car owners will simply drive to the place with the lowest priceꦫ.

In the world of futures and commodities trading, big differences between the futures contract (near the delivery date) and the price of the actual commodity are illogical and contrary to the idea that the market is efficient with intelligent buyers and sellers. If significant price differences did exist on the delivery date, there would be an 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:arbitrage opportunity and the potential for profits with zero risk.

The idea that the spot price of a commodity should equal the futures priܫce on the delivery date is straightforward. Purchasing the commodity outright on Day X (paying the spot price) and purchasing a contract that requires delivery of the commodity on Day X (paying the futures price) are essentially the same thing. Buying the futures conꦉtract adds an extra step to the process:

1. Buy the futures contract
2. Take delivery of the commodity

Still, the futures ⛦contract should trade at or near the price of the𝔉 actual commodity on the delivery date.

If these prices somehow diverged on the delivery date, there is probably an opportunity for arbitrage. That is, there is t𓆉he potential to make a 🐟functionally risk-free profit by purchasing the lower-priced commodity and selling the higher-priced futures contract—assuming the market is in contango. It would be the opposite if the market were in backwardation.

Contango and Backwardation

If a futures contract's delivery date is several months or years in the future, the contract will often trade at a premium to the expected spot price of the underlying commodity on the 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:delivery date. This situation is known as contango or 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:forwardation​.

As the delivery date approaches, the futures contract 🍰will depreciate in price (or the underlying commodity must increase in price), and in theory, the two prices will ꦚbe equal on the delivery date. If not, then traders could make a risk-free profit by exploiting the difference in prices.

The principle of convergence also applies when a commodity futures market is in 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:backwardation, which happens when futures contracts are trading at a discount to the expected spot price. In this case, futures prices will appreciate (or the price of the commodity falls) as expiration approaches, until the prices are nearly equal on the delivery date. If not, traders could make a risk-free profit by exploiting any price difference via arbitrage transactions.