What Are Economies of Scope?

An economy of scope is the decrease in the average total cost of a company's production when multiple goods are produced together rather than separately. Economies of scope occur when producing a wider variety of goods or services in tandem is more cost-effective for a firm than producing less of a variety, or producing each independently. In this case, the long-run average and 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:marginal cost decreases due to the production of complementary goods and services.

Understanding Economies of Scope

Economies of scope are economic factors that make the simultaneous manufacturing of different products more cost-effective than 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:manufacturing them on their own.

A simple way to illustrate the contrast is to use the example of a train: A single train can carry passengers and freight more cheaply than having one train that carries just passengers and another just for freight. In this case, a single train with cars dedicated to both is far more cost-effective and may also result in lower ticket or tonnage costs for the train's users as well.

Economies of scope can occur because the products are co-produced by the same process, theও production processes are complementary🉐, or the inputs to production are shared by the products.

Economies of Scale Processes

Co-Products

Economies of scope can arise from co-production relationships between final products, which are called complements in production. This occurs when the production of one good automatically produces another as a byproduct or a side-effect of the production process. Sometimes one product may be a byproduct of another, but have value for use by the producer or for sale. Finding a productive use or market for the co-products can reduce both waste and costs and increase revenues.

For example, dairy farmers separate raw milk from cows into whey and curds, with the curds becoming cheese. They also end up with a lot of whey in the process, which they can then use as a high-protein feed for livestock to reduce their overall feed costs or sell as a nutritional product to fitness enthusiasts and weightlifters for additional revenue.

Another example is the so-called black liquor produced when processing wood into paper pulp. Instead of being merely a waste product that might be costly to dispose of, black liquor can be burned as an energy source to fuel and heat the plant, saving money on other fuels, or can even be processed into more advanced biofuels for use on-site or for sale. Producing and using the black liquor thus saves costs on producing the paper.

Complementary Production Processes

Economies of scope can also result from the direct interaction of two or more production processes. Companion planting in agriculture is a classic example here, such as the "Three Sisters" crops historically cultivated by Native Americans.

By planting corn, pole beans, and ground trailing squash together, the Three Sisters method actually increases the yield of each crop, while also improving the soil. The tall corn stalks provide a structure for the bean vines to climb up; the beans fertilize the corn and the squash by fixing nitrogen in the soil; and the squash shades out weeds among the crops with its broad leaves. All three plants benefit from being produced together, so the farmer can grow more crops at a 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:lower cost.

A modern example would be a cooperative training program between an aerospace manufacturer and an engineering school, where students also work part-time or are interns. The manufacturer can r♏educe its overall costs by obtaining low-cost access to skilled labor, and the engineering school can reduce its instructional costs by outsourcing instructional time to the manufacturer's training managers. The final goods produced (airplanes and engineering degre𒁏es) might not seem to be direct complements or share many inputs, but producing them together reduces the cost of both.

Shared Inputs

Because productive inputs like. land, labor, and capital usually have more🃏 than one use, economies of scope can often come from common inputs to the production of two or more different goods.

For example, a restaurant can produce both chicken fingers and French fries at a lower average expജense than what it would cost two separate firms to produce each of the goods separately. This is because chicken fingers and french fries can share the use of the same cold storage, fryers, and c🍃ooks during production.

Proctor & Gamble is an example of a company that efficiently realizes economies of scope from common inputs since it produces hundreds of hygiene-related products from razors to toothpaste. The company can afford to hire graphic designers and 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:marketing experts who can use their skills across all of the company's 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:product lines, adding value to each one. If they 🐽are salaried, each additional product they work on increases the company's economies of scope because the average cost per unit decreases.

How to Achieve Economies of Scope

Real-world examples of the economy of scope can be seen in mergers and acquisitions (M&A), newly discovered uses of resource byproducts (such as crude petroleum), and when two producers agree to share the same factors of production. 🅰

Economies of scope are essential for any large business, and a firm can go about achieving such scope in a variety of ways. First, and most common, is the idea that efficiency is gained through related 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:diversification. Pro𒊎ducts that share the same inputs or that have complementary productive processes offer great opportunities for economies of scope through diversification.

Horizontally merging with or 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:acquiring another company is another way to achieve economies of scope. Two regional retail chains may merge to combine different product lines and reduce average warehouse costs. Goods that can share common inputs li🥂ke this are very suitable for generating economies of scope through horizontal acquisitions.

Economies of Scope vs. Economies of Scale

While economies of scope are characterized by efficiencies formed by variety, 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:economies of scale are characterized by vo🐈lume. The latter refers to a reduction in marginal cost by producing additional units. Put simply, they represent the cost advantages that companies experience when their production processes become more efficient.

The major difference between the two lies in the fact that an economy of scope spreads production costs over multiple goods while an economy of scale creates increased cost savings in the production output of one good or service.

Example of Economies of Scope

Assume that company ABC is the leading desktop computer producer in the industry. Company ABC wants to increase its product line and remodels its manufa🌌cturing building to♛ produce a variety of electronic devices, such as laptops, tablets, and phones.

Since the cost of operating the manufacturing building is spread out across a variety of products, the average total cost of production decreases. The costs of producing each electronic device in another bu🍌ilding would be greater than ༒just using a single manufacturing building to produce multiple products.

The Bottom Line

Economies of scope are cost advantages created from producing a range of products together rathꦕer than🏅 separately. This can occur when the production of one good automatically produces another good, when production processes are complementary, or when the inputs to production are shared by the products.

Examples of economies of scope include valuable byproducts created from manufacturing a good and a company using the same facilities and staff to produce an additional revenue s𓂃tream.